Key result
Analysis of 976 whole genome sequences of Enterovirus D68 showed a substitution rate of 4.06E10-3 nucleotides per site per year, with the virus originating in Canada in 1995 before spreading globally.
Why the study?
Enterovirus D68 primarily affects children and causes sporadic respiratory illness outbreaks worldwide, warranting a comprehensive review of its epidemiology, molecular evolution, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Effect estimate: 4.06E10-3 nucleotides per site per year (95% CI 3.88E10-3 to 4.35E10-3)
Phylodynamic analysis of 976 EV-D68 genomes reveals a substitution rate of 4.06E10-3 nucleotides per site per year and traces its molecular origin to Canada in 1995.
Supports enhanced genomic surveillance; leaves open functional impacts of substitutions on virulence and transmission.
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a respiratory virus that primarily affects children and has been associated with sporadic outbreaks of respiratory illness worldwide. This study aimed to carry out a literature review considering several aspects involving EV-D68 infection: epidemiology, molecular evolution, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this infection. Data from 976 whole genome sequences (WGS) of EV-D68 collected between September 1977 to September 2022 showed substitution rates of 4.06E10‐3 nucleotides per site per year (s/s/y). Phylogenetic tree of EV-D68 by clades (A1, A2, B, B1, B2, B3, and C) was performed. The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of A1 was 2005-04-17 in the USA, A2 was 2003-12-23 in China, B was 2003-07-06 in China, B1 was 2010-03-21 in Vietnam, B2 was 2006-11-25 in Vietnam, B3 was 2011-01-15 in China, and C was 2000-06-27 in the USA. The immune response to EV-D68 involves both innate and adaptive immunity, with the production of neutralizing antibodies and activation of T cells playing crucial roles. Prevention strategies for EV-D68 include practicing good hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. In conclusion, EV-D68 was originated in Canada in 1995 and spread to Europe, Asia, Oceania, Latin America, and Africa.
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Jonas Michel Wolf (2023) conducted a review in Enterovirus D68 infection (n=976). Enterovirus D68 was evaluated on Substitution rate (4.06E10-3 nucleotides per site per year, 95% CI 3.88E10-3 to 4.35E10-3). Analysis of 976 whole genome sequences of Enterovirus D68 showed a substitution rate of 4.06E10-3 nucleotides per site per year, with the virus originating in Canada in 1995 before spreading globally.
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