Type and Sources of Salt Efflorescence in Painted Stone Carvings from Pujiang Museum, Sichuan, China

Painted stone carvings from Pujiang Museum in Chengdu were excavated from the Ming tombs near to Chengdu Metro Line 7. The Ming burial sites were the eunuch graves of the Shu King, and their tomb was constructed mostly of stone and decorated with paintings and carvings on its surface, which are of great value. However, during their burial, these painted stone carvings suffered significant salt damage. In this research, we performed optical microscope (OM) analysis, Raman spectra (RAM), ion chromatography (IC) analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and petrographic microscopy (PM) to clarify the salt composition and influence. According to the results, the majority of the salt on the painted layer is CaSO4·2H2O. Before excavation, interaction between acid rain, soil, and groundwater created salt efflorescence on the paint layer’s surface. The deterioration of the paint layer caused by gypsum was divided into two stages: before excavation and during in situ preservation. This research provides a foundation for the removal and prevention of salt efflorescence.