Investigating interactions between grass silage– or corn silage–based diets and 3-nitrooxypropanol on fermentation and methane emission dynamics and rumen microbiome in dairy cattle

yield and intensity increased by 7.6-fold and 7.8-fold, respectively, with 3-NOP. A shift in ruminal VFA was observed from acetate to propionate and butyrate. In line with this shift, 3-NOP decreased methanogenesis and the relative abundance of methanogens, whereas the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway increased, suggesting enhanced acetogenesis.