Vitamin K to Reverse Excessive Anticoagulation: A Review of the Literature

Patients with excessive anticoagulation (18 studies reviewed, including 8 evaluating parenteral administration [n=229], 9 evaluating oral administration [n=288], and 2 retrospective studies comparing routes [n=280])

Vitamin K administration (intravenous, subcutaneous, or oral)

Temporary warfarin discontinuation alone, or alternative routes of vitamin K administration

Reduction in international normalized ratio (INR) at 24 hourssurrogate