Experimental study reveals that following currents amplify solitary wave forces while reducing regular wave moments on monopiles, highlighting complex nonlinear hydrodynamic interactions.
It is known that the wave breaking process is significantly affected by a current, but little attention has been paid to the effect of wave–current interaction on the breaking wave forces acting on a monopile. This study presented a total of 88 flume tests, among which solitary and regular breaking waves were generated with a following current. The waves propagated over an impermeable slope and induced impulsive loads on a vertical monopile. The moments on the monopile were measured utilizing a high-precision load cell, and the effect of current velocities on the peak moment was analyzed. Test results indicate that there was an obvious nonlinear effect between breaking waves and a following current. For solitary waves, a following current accelerated the breaking process, leading to an increase by 274.21% at maximum in breaking wave forces. However, for regular waves, both the wave heights and the reversing flow were restricted with the increasing velocity of a following current, delaying the wave breaking process; under the regular test conditions, the moment on the pile decreased by 65.25% at maximum.
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Liu et al. (2022) studied this question.
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