A thematic overview of the updated ICRC Commentary on Geneva Convention IV

In 2025, the International Committee of the Red Cross, together with a team of renowned experts, published online an updated Commentary on Geneva Convention IV (GC IV), a cornerstone of the international legal framework protecting civilians in armed conflict. Another article in this issue of the Review provides an introduction to GC IV and to the updated Commentary, summarizing the key protections set out in GC IV and their interpretation in the Commentary. This companion article provides a more substantive overview of the Commentary, exploring nine selected thematic areas in detail and highlighting key interpretive developments in each of them. More specifically, the article considers the Convention’s scope of application; its interpretation in light of diverse experiences and requirements in armed conflict; technological change; humanitarian activities; the distinct roles of Protecting Powers and the ICRC; internment; occupation; measures to be taken in peacetime; and mechanisms of enforcement and accountability.