This conceptual paper repositions black holes, white holes, and wormholes, suggesting new perspectives on cosmic structures.
As the cosmological capstone monograph of the PFUSRC-132 Seven-Layer Ontology Popular Series, this paper reframes black holes, white holes and wormholes via discrete topological anchors, abandoning the mainstream presupposition of continuous spacetime. Relying on core prerequisites including the Seven-Layer ontology framework, Living Calculus and the Complete Occam’s Razor, all quantitative deductions trace back to hard archival documents PFUSRC-067, PFUSRC-068, PFUSRC-121 and other serial literatures without introducing novel axioms, formulas or observational data. This study establishes three-tier evaluation criteria (mathematical existence, physical mechanism, topological axiom compatibility) to reposition the three cosmic exotic objects uniformly. Black holes originate from condensed topological closure when β₁ particle density exceeds critical threshold ρc, featuring hierarchical scales, independent private time arrows and topological retreat jet ejection mechanisms, whose existence is theoretically necessary and observationally consistent with EHT and LIGO results. White holes are merely time-reversed mathematical solutions of general relativity, lacking natural formation pathways and long-term stability, and violating the unidirectional TSRD dimension compression axiom and the second law of thermodynamics, resulting in an unlikely natural existence state. Wormholes depend on the hypothetical continuous foldable spacetime membrane, which is identified as a projection-layer illusion within PFUSRC discrete topological substrate; no physical carrier supports traversable spacetime shortcuts, making wormholes even less plausible. This paper only serves as a popular explanatory demonstration, centering on distinguishing projection-layer observational phenomena from ontological-layer topological structures and calibrating the unified coordinate positions of three core cosmological concepts under the PFUSRC system.
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Zhenmin Wang (2026) studied this question.
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