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This work aims to develop a risk evaluation framework for maritime autonomous surface ship operations (MASS).

Risk Evaluation of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship Operations: A Formal Safety Assessment Approach

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This work aims to develop a risk evaluation framework for maritime autonomous surface ship operations (MASS).
Developed a Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)-based framework for MASS risk evaluation.
Established a hierarchical indicator system across five dimensions: machinery, human factors, environmental factors, IT, and management.
Used a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to determine weights and calculate comprehensive risk scores.
The overall risk score of MASS operation is 5.64, positioned in the ALARP region.
High-risk factors include environmental factors (score 6.82) and IT factors (score 6.60).
Critical risk indicators are environmental perception, routine management, navigation decision-making, and communication capability.

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Randomized trial evaluates risks in maritime autonomous ship operations, suggesting a structured safety approach.

Nian et al. (2026) studied this question.

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