Implementing pressure on athletes during training: a scoping review

The strategic use of pressure in sport training has gained increasing attention. This scoping review aimed to synthesize research on pressure implementation in sport by examining: (a) theoretical frameworks underpinning pressure-based practices, (b) strategies used to enhance pressure in training, (c) associated outcomes and measurement methods, and (d) key knowledge gaps. A total of 22 peer-reviewed studies were identified from PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, CINAHL Complete, and SPORTDiscus. From nine theoretical frameworks, two perspectives emerged: systematic exposure to pressure as a means to develop resilience, adaptive coping, and effective stress responses (66.7%); and the simulation of competition-like conditions to enhance skill acquisition and transfer (33.3%). Study populations included athletes (84.5%), coaches (13.4%), and sport psychologists (2.1%). Methodologically, 40.9% of studies employed qualitative, 31.8% quantitative, and 27.3% mixed-methods designs. Across studies, 92 distinct pressure-inducing strategies were identified. Interviews (77.8%) were the most common qualitative method, while interventions (57.1%) dominated quantitative designs. Overall, findings support the benefits of structured pressure training, though potential drawbacks, such as negative impacts on coach-athlete relationship, were noted. The review underscores the need for an integrative theoretical framework, multi-method research designs, longitudinal investigations, and the development of a validated instrument to assess the type and frequency of pressure-based strategies.