Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers in Women with and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Figure 1. Analyses performed on whole set (A) and each subset (B,C) of women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Overall cohort PCOS (n = 147) and controls (n = 97) in whom 54 cardiovascular risk proteins (CVRPs) were measured. Whole cohort was then divided into subsets: (B) body mass index (BMI) matched for BMI (≥26 kg/m2), PCOS (n = 114) and controls (n = 42); (C) matched for normal insulin resistance (HOMA-IR < 1.9) and BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2, PCOS (n = 9) and controls (n = 6). Significantly increased proteins shown with upward facing red arrows, significantly decreased proteins shown with downward facing green arrows. Cardiovascular risk proteins (CVRPs); bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6); growth/differentiation factor 2 (GDF2); polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR); superoxide dismutase [Mn] mitochondrial (MnSOD); interleukin-18 receptor (IL-18Ra); C-C motif chemokine 3 (MIP-1a); SLAM family member 5 (SLAF5); angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1); interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra); advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor, soluble (sRAGE); placenta growth factor (PIGF); lymphotactin (XCL1); alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA); angiopoietin-1 receptor, soluble (s…

Figure 2. Bar plots of individual dysregulated CVRPs (mean ± SE) in whole cohort, control (n = 97) and PCOS (n = 147); (A–F) indicates levels of upregulated and (G–K) indicates levels of downregulated CVRPs in PCOS. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.

Figure 3. Bar plots of individual dysregulated CVRPs (mean ± SE) for BMI (≥26 kg/m2)-matched cohort, control (n = 47) and PCOS (n = 114); (A–C) indicates levels of upregulated and (D–K) indicates levels of downregulated CVRPs in PCOS. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.

Figure 4. Bar plots of individual dysregulated CVRPs (mean ± SE) for matched normal insulin resistance (HOMA-IR < 1.9) and BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2 (A,B), PCOS (n = 9) and controls (n = 6), indicating upregulated CVRPs in PCOS, * p < 0.05.

Figure 5. The ROC curve of renin. The area under the curve (AUC) indicates the potential of renin in discriminating women with PCOS from the controls in the subset of women with normal insulin resistance (HOMA-IR < 1.9) and BMI in the overweight/obese range (BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2).

Figure 6. STRING (version 12.0) protein–protein interaction network between cardiovascular risk biomarkers (CVRPs) that differed (A) between whole set of women with and without PCOS and their predicted immediate binding partners and (B) in subset of matched overweight/obese women (BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2) with and without PCOS. ‘Co-expression’ is indicated by black edge. Interactions obtained through text mining indicated by yellow edges.