Key result
Hypertension was the single greatest risk factor for heart disease among Filipino American adults, controlling for diabetes, age, and gender (adjusted OR 3.1, p=0.006).
Cross-Sectional (n=555)
Odds Ratio: 3.1
p-value: p=0.006
In Filipino Americans, hypertension is the strongest independent risk factor for heart disease, highlighting the need for targeted primary and secondary prevention.
May inform targeted hypertension screening in Filipino Americans; leaves open need for longitudinal validation of causality.
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among all racial and ethnic populations in the USA. Cardiovascular risks and cardioprotective factors have been disparately estimated among Asian American subpopulations. AIMS: The study's purpose was to describe the cardiometabolic risks and lifestyle health behaviors associated with cardiovascular disease, considering age and gender, in Filipinos, the second largest Asian American population. METHODS: Secondary analysis was conducted of behavioral (smoking, walking, body mass index and soda, fast food and fruit/vegetable consumption), cardiometabolic (hypertension and diabetes) and heart disease variables in the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey. The metropolitan sample of Filipino American adults included 57.3% women and had a mean age of 47.9 ± 18.3 years ( n = 555). RESULTS: Among the sample, 7.4% had heart disease, 38.9% had hypertension, 16.6% had diabetes, 12.4% smoked cigarettes, 83.2% were insufficiently active, 54.2% were overweight/obese, 21.8% routinely ate fast food, 13.2% routinely drank soda and 90.3% did not meet the fruit/vegetable consumption recommendation. Age (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.0, p < 0.0001), hypertension (unadjusted OR = 4.8, p < 0.0001) and diabetes (unadjusted OR = 3.3, p = 0.001) were associated with heart disease. Hypertension was the single greatest heart disease risk, controlling for diabetes, age and gender (adjusted OR = 3.1, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Primary and secondary prevention and treatment of hypertension should be paramount, along with promotion of glucose control, regular moderate-intensity physical activity, weight management and increased fruit and vegetable consumption in the Filipino American population. A multidisciplinary, chronic care model that is population-specific, emphasizes integrated, comprehensive care and provides linkages between primary healthcare and community resources is recommended for practice.
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Bayog et al. (2017) conducted a cross-sectional in Cardiovascular disease (n=555). Hypertension vs. No hypertension was evaluated on Heart disease (adjusted OR 3.1, p=0.006). Hypertension was the single greatest risk factor for heart disease among Filipino American adults, controlling for diabetes, age, and gender (adjusted OR 3.1, p=0.006).
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