Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Reviews1 May 1964The Incidence and Prevention of Infection After Urethral CatheterizationJACK LEVIN, M.D.JACK LEVIN, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-5-914 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe urethral catheter, long recognized as a potentially dangerous instrument (1), has been described both as man's friend (2) and enemy (3). The indications for its use and the potential dangers subsequent thereto have been the subject of heated debate during the past few years.It has been well established that the urethra does have a flora that can potentially infect the bladder as a result of instrumentation (4-8). Kass and Schneiderman (9) demonstrated that bacteria can enter the bladder via the film of urethral mucous that forms around the catheter. Catheterization is no longer needed to obtain urine cultures,...References1. CLARK A: Remarks on catheter fever. Lancet 2: 1075, 1883. Google Scholar2. HARVARDGLENN BMJF: The contamination factor in multiple urethral instrumentation in women: a bacteriologic study. J. Urol. 86: 412, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. BEESON PB: The case against the catheter. Amer. J. Med. 24: 1, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. BEESON PB: Factors in the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis. Yale J. Biol. Med. 28: 81, 1955. MedlineGoogle Scholar5. GUZEBEESON LBPB: Observations on the reliability and safety of bladder catheterization for bacteriologic study of the urine. New Eng. J. Med. 255: 474, 1956. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. CLABAUGHRHOADS GFPS: Efficacy of urethral catheterization for determination of urinary tract infection. JAMA 165: 815, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. DESAUTELSHARRISON REJH: The mismanagement of the urethral catheter. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 43: 1573, 1959. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. HELMHOLZ HF: Determination of the bacterial content of the urethra: a new method with results of a study of 82 men. J. Urol. 64: 158, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. KASSSCHNEIDERMAN EHLJ: Entry of bacteria into the urinary tracts of patients with inlying catheters. New Eng. J. Med. 256: 556, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10. KASS EH: Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. Trans. Ass. Amer. Physicians 69: 56, 1956. MedlineGoogle Scholar11. KASS EH: Bacteriuria and the diagnosis of infections of the urinary tract. Arch. Intern. Med. (Chicago) 100: 709, 1957. CrossrefGoogle Scholar12. MERRITTSANFORD ADJP: Sterile-voided urine culture: an evaluation in 100 consecutive hospitalized women. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 52: 463, 1958. MedlineGoogle Scholar13. MONZONORYDOBSONCARTERYOW OTEMHLEEM: A comparison of bacterial counts of the urine obtained by needle aspiration of the bladder, catheterization, and midstream-voided methods. New Eng. J. Med. 259: 764, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. RILEY HD: Evaluation of a method for detecting and following urinary tract infection in females without catheterization. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 52: 840, 1958. MedlineGoogle Scholar15. PRYLESATKINMORSEWELCH CVMDTSKJ: Comparative bacteriologic study of urine obtained from children by percutaneous suprapubic aspiration of the bladder and by catheter. Pediatrics 24: 983, 1959. MedlineGoogle Scholar16. KAITZWILLIAMS ALEJ: Bacteriuria and urinary-tract infections in hospitalized patients. New Eng. J. Med. 262: 425, 1960. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. PRYLES CV: The diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Pediatrics 26: 441, 1960. MedlineGoogle Scholar18. BRUMFITTDAVIESROSSER WBIEI: Urethral catheter as a cause of urinary-tract infection in pregnancy and puerperium. Lancet 2: 1059, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. PRYLESLÜDERSALKAN CVDMK: A comparative study of bacterial cultures and colony counts in paired specimens of urine obtained by catheter versus voiding from normal infants and infants with urinary tract infection. Pediatrics 27: 17, 1961. MedlineGoogle Scholar20. CLARKEJORESS BGS: Quantitative bacteriuria after use of indwelling catheters. JAMA 174: 1593, 1960. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar21. KLEEMANHEWITTGUZE CRWLLB: Pyelonephritis. Medicine 39: 3, 1960. MedlineGoogle Scholar22. PATERSONBARRMACDONALD MLWS: Urinary infection after colporrhaphy: its incidence, causation, and prevention. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Emp. (Now J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Comm.) 67: 394, 1960. MedlineGoogle Scholar23. GILLESPIELENNONLINTONSLADE WAGGKBN: Prevention of catheter infection of urine in female patients. Brit. Med. J. 2: 13, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar24. JACKSONGRIEBLE GGHG: Pathogenesis of renal infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 100: 692, 1957. CrossrefGoogle Scholar25. SHACKMANMESSENT RD: The effect of an indwelling catheter on the bacteriology of the male urethra and bladder. Brit. Med. J. 2: 1009, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar26. DUTTONRALSTON AAM: Urinary tract infection in a male urological ward. Lancet 1: 115, 1957. Google Scholar27. MARPLE CD: The frequency and character of urinary tract infections in an unselected group of women. Ann. Intern. Med. 14: 2220, 1941. LinkGoogle Scholar28. MACDONALDLEVITINMALLORYKASS RAHGKEH: Relation between pyelonephritis and bacterial counts in the urine. New Eng. J. Med. 256: 915, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar29. RILEYKNIGHT HDV: Urinary tract infection in paralytic poliomyelitis. Medicine 37: 281, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar30. GROSSBERGPETERSDORFCURTINBENNETT SERGJAIL: Factors influencing the species and antimicrobial resistance of urinary pathogens. Amer. J. Med. 32: 44, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar31. TURCKPETERSDORF MRG: The role of antibiotics in the prevention of urinary tract infections. J. Chronic Dis. 15: 683, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar32. COXHINMAN CEF: Incidence of bacteriuria with indwelling catheter in normal bladders. JAMA 178: 919, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar33. TALBOTMAHONEYJAFFEE HSEMSR: The effects of prolonged urethral catheterization: 1. Persistence of normal renal structure and function. J. Urol. 81: 138, 1959. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar34. KAYEDE VRIESMACFARLANE MJKT: The initiation of urinary tract infection following a single bladder catheterization. Canad. Med. Ass. J. 86: 9, 1962. MedlineGoogle Scholar35. SLADELINTON NKB: Catheters and the female patient. Brit. J. Urol. 32: 416, 1960. CrossrefGoogle Scholar36. OSEASOHNQUILLIGANPERSKYROSENBLUM REJLJM: Studies on postpartum bacteriuria. I. Incidence, host factors, and effect of catheterization. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 60: 451, 1962. MedlineGoogle Scholar37. DURHAMSHOOTERCURWEN MPRAMP: Failure of sulphonamides to prevent urinary infections after vaginal surgery. Brit. Med. J. 2: 1008, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar38. CATTELLCURWENSHOOTERWILLIAMS WRMPRADK: Catheter-induced urinary infection: follow-up study. Brit. Med. J. 1: 923, 1963. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar39. SLOTNICKPRYSTOWSKY IJH: Microbiology of the female genital tract. I. The infectious hazard of prophylactic catheterization of the urinary bladder prior to delivery. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 83: 1102, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar40. LYTTON B: Urinary infection in cystoscopy. Brit. Med. J. 2: 547, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar41. REHM RA: Urinary infections following cystoscopy. J. Urol. 88: 301, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar42. NESBIT RM: The relation of instrumentation to infection of the kidney, in Biology of Pyelonephritis. Edited by QUINN, E. L., and KASS, E. H., Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1960, p. 465. Google Scholar43. MARSHALL FC: Prevention of infections after cystoscopy: use of a new antibacterial agent. J. Urol. 86: 149, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar44. GARRODSHOOTERCURWEN LPRAMP: The results of chemotherapy in urinary infections. Brit. Med. J. 2: 1003, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar45. LEVINSNEIDERANDREWS JSEJR: An appraisal of renal function and infection in advanced bladder cancer treated with ileal bladder construction and irradiation. Surg., Gynec. Obstet. 112: 53, 1961. MedlineGoogle Scholar46. MILLERGILLESPIELINTONSLADEMITCHELL AWAKBNJP: Postoperative infection in urology. Lancet 2: 608, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar47. PRATHERSEARS GCBR: Pyelonephritis: in defense of the urethral catheter. J. Urol. 83: 337, 1960. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar48. LICHHOWERTON RLW: A clinical evaluation of the urethral catheter. JAMA 180: 813, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar49. GILLESPIELINTONMILLERSLADE WAKBAN: The diagnosis, epidemiology, and control of urinary infection in urology and gynaecology. J. Clin. Path. 13: 187, 1960. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar50. SHIRLEYLYONSHALE SWCE: The management of gram-negative septicemia common to urologic procedures. J. Urol. 86: 673, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar51. MILBERGHERMANN MBHB: Pyrexia following cystoscopy. J. Urol. 86: 823, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar52. MARTINBOOKRAJIAN CMEN: Bacteriuria prevention after indwelling urinary catheterization. Arch. Intern. Med. 110: 703, 1962. CrossrefGoogle Scholar53. SLADE N: Bacteriaemia and septicaemia after urological operations. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 51: 331, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar54. MULLA N: Indwelling catheter in gynecologic surgery. Obstet. Gynec. 17: 199, 1961. Google Scholar55. MILLERLINTONGILLESPIESLADEMITCHELL AKBWANJP: Catheter drainage and infection in acute retention of urine. Lancet 1: 310, 1960. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar56. BUDDINGTONGRAVES WTRC: Management of catheter drainage. J. Urol. 62: 387, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar57. DESAUTELS RE: Aseptic management of catheter drainage. New Eng. J. Med. 263: 189, 1960. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar58. DESAUTELSWALTERGRAVESHARRISON RECWRCJH: Technical advances in the prevention of urinary tract infection. J. Urol. 87: 487, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar59. ANSELL J: Some observations on catheter care. J. Chronic Dis. 15: 675, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar60. PYRAHGOLDIEPARSONSRAPER LNWFMFP: Control of pseudomonas pyocyanea infection in a urological ward. Lancet 2: 314, 1955. CrossrefGoogle Scholar61. HILDEBRANDTSLOTNICKPRYSTOWSKY RJIJH: The relationship between acquired bacteriuria, the Foley and Robinson catheters, and mycitracin ointment. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 114: 341, 1962. MedlineGoogle Scholar62. MCLEODMASONPILLEY JWJMAA: Prophylactic control of infection of the urinary tract consequent on catheterisation. Lancet 1: 292, 1963. CrossrefGoogle Scholar63. GIBBON N: A new type of catheter for urethral drainage of the bladder. Brit. J. Urol. 30: 1, 1958. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar64. GOW JG: A modification of the Gibbon catheter. Lancet 1: 840, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar65. LINTONGILLESPIE KBWA: Causes and prevention of post-operative urinary infection in female patients. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Comm. 69: 845, 1962. CrossrefGoogle Scholar66. BEEUWKESDE VRIES HHR: Chlorhexidine in urology. Lancet 2: 913, 1956. CrossrefGoogle Scholar67. KASSSOSSEN EHHS: Prevention of infection of urinary tract in presence of indwelling catheters. JAMA 169: 1181, 1959. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar68. LIEDBERG C: Nosocomial urinary tract infections, with special reference to the role of the indwelling catheter. Acta Chir. Scand. 118: 45, 1959. MedlineGoogle Scholar69. DAVISROSENBLUMQUILLIGANPERSKY JHJMEJL: An evaluation of post-catheterization prophylactic chemotherapy. J. Urol. 82: 613, 1959. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar70. WILLIAMSGARRODWATERWORTH DKLPPM: Prevention of urinary infection after vaginal surgery with nitrofurantoin. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Brit. Comm. 69: 403, 1962. CrossrefGoogle Scholar71. SEXTON GL: Urinary tract infection following use of indwelling catheter. Obstet. Gynec. 17: 739, 1961. Google Scholar72. KASS EH: The role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis, in Biology of Pyelonephritis. Edited by QUINN, E. L., and KASS, E. H., Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1960, p. 399. Google Scholar73. KASS EH: Prevention of apparently non-infectious disease by detection and treatment of infections of the urinary tract. J. Chronic Dis. 15: 665, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar74. BOYCEEDWARDS WHCN: Factors revelant to chronic and recurrent infections of the urinary system. J. Urol. 83: 749, 1960. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar75. KUNIN CM: Pyelonephritis, a problem in preventive medicine. J. Chronic Dis. 14: 199, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar76. JACKSONARANA-SIALERANDERSENGRIEBLEMCCABE GGJABRHGWR: Profiles of pyelonephritis. Arch. Intern. Med. (Chicago) 110: 663, 1962. CrossrefGoogle Scholar77. TURCKBROWDERLINDEMEYERBROWNANDERSONPETERSDORF MAARINKKNRG: Failure of prolonged treatment of chronic urinary-tract infections with antibiotics. New Eng. J. Med. 267: 999, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: JACK LEVIN, M.D.Affiliations: New Haven, ConnecticutFrom the Medical Service, Grace-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut.Dr. Levin is currently a Fellow in Hematology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.Requests for reprints should be addressed to Jack Levin, M.D., Chief Resident in Medicine, Grace-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byUnique epidemiology of nosocomial urinary tract infection in childrenCost of Nosocomial Infection in Turkey: An Estimate Based on the University Hospital DataUrine culture from bag specimens in young children: Are the risks too high?Suprapubic Bladder Aspiration Versus Urethral Catheterization in Ill Infants: Success, Efficiency, and Complication RatesEvaluation of a Urinary Catheter with a Preconnected Closed Drainage BagEvaluation of a Urinary Catheter with a Preconnected Closed Drainage BagUrinalysisAltered Patterns of Posttransplant Urinary Tract Infections Associated With Perioperative Antibiotics and Curtailed CatheterizationPrevention and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infectionsESTUDO SOBRE COLHEITA DE URINA PARA CULTURAHospital-Acquired InfectionsAn Evaluation of Daily Bacteriologic Monitoring to Identify Preventable Episodes of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract InfectionUrinary Tract Infections Associated with the Use and Misuse of Urinary CathetersDirect Bladder Catheterization in Infant Females and Young GirlsPerioperative Antibiotics in Urologic SurgeryAVALIAÇÃO DA TÉCNICA DE COLHEITA DE URINA ASSÉPTICA EM MULHERESGuidelines for Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract InfectionsWALTER E. STAMM, M.D.Bacteriuria after CatheterizationUrethral Reaction to Foreign ObjectsA hydrophilic polymer-coated antimicrobial urethral catheterComparison of paired midstream-voided and catheterization urine samples from the postpartum clinic populationEffect of postanesthetic suggestion of postoperative voiding in gynecologic surgeryEvaluation of Specific Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients While on Closed Catheter DrainagePrevention of Bacteriuria Resulting From Indwelling CathetersSpecial aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections in pregnancy and the puerperiumPrevention of Catheter-Induced Urinary-Tract Infections by Sterile Closed Drainage 1 May 1964Volume 60, Issue 5Page: 914-923KeywordsBacteriaBladderCatheterizationCathetersHematology and oncologyMedical servicesUrine ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Jack Levin (1964) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: