A configurational perspective of digital transformation: uncovering the multiple pathways to digital success in an emerging economy

Purpose Digital transformation (DT) research remains fragmented as prior studies adopt linear and factor-based approaches that overlook causal complexity. Drawing on the configurational theory and critical realism, this study addresses whether and how multiple organizational conditions combine to shape DT outcomes in an emerging economy. Design/methodology/approach We employ qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) analysis to examine interview data from 27 firms in Vietnam's manufacturing industry to identify causal configurations associated with high and low DT. Findings Results reveal multiple equifinal pathways to high and low DT, demonstrating causal asymmetry. Managerial motivation and strategic alignment are necessary conditions but remain insufficient alone, requiring complementary capabilities such as change management and technological infrastructure for high DT. Asymmetrical analyses show that low DT reflects cumulative capability deficiencies rather than simple absence of successful conditions. Practical implications Managers should diagnose firm-specific capability bundles, align leadership and strategy, strengthen complementary capabilities and address barriers before scaling resource-sensitive DT initiatives. Originality/value This study advances DT literature by: (1) theorizing DT as configurational and context-contingent rather than linear and (2) showing how complementary mechanisms intertwined generate multiple pathways to high and low DT in an emerging manufacturing context.