Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Warren B. Ballard, Heather A. Whitlaw, Brian F. Wakeling, Richard L. Brown, James C. deVos, Jr., Mark C. Wallace, Survival of Female Elk in Northern Arizona, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 64, No. 2 (Apr., 2000), pp. 500-504
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Ballard et al. (2000) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: