Erythrocyte Membrane-Enveloped Molybdenum Disulfide Nanodots for Biofilm Elimination on Implants Via Toxin Neutralization and Immune Modulation

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Backgrounds: Implant-related infections (IRIs) caused by bacterial biofilms remain a prevalent but tricky clinical issue, which are characterized by drug resistance, toxin impairment and immunity suppression. Recently, antimicrobial therapies based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) or hyperthermia have been developed to effectively destroy biofilms. However, all of them have failed to simultaneously focus on the immunosuppressive microenvironment of biofilms and tissue damage caused by bacterial toxins. Results Herein, we proposed a one-arrow-three-hawks strategy to orchestrate hyperthermia/ROS antibiofilm therapy, toxin neutralization and immunomodulatory therapies through engineering a bioinspired erythrocyte membrane-enveloped molybdenum disulfide nanodots (EM@MoS 2 ) nanoplatform. In biofilm microenvironment, pore-forming toxins actively attack the erythrocyte membranes on the nanodots and be detained, thus keeping toxins away from their targets and mitigating tissue damage. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, MoS 2 nanodots, with superb photothermal and peroxidase-like properties, exert a powerful synergistic antibiofilm effect. More intriguingly, we initially identified that they possess the ability to reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment through skewing the macrophages from an anti-inflammatory phenotype to a proinflammatory phenotype, which would promote the elimination of biofilm debris and prevention of infection relapse. Systematic in vitro and in vivo evaluations have demonstrated that EM@MoS 2 achieves remarkable antibiofilm effect. Conclusion The current study integrated the functions of hyperthermia/ROS therapy, virulence clearance and immune regulation, which could provide an effective paradigm for IRIs therapy.