Early 21st century opportunities for Gigascale integration (GSI) will be governed by a hierarchy of theoretical and practical limits whose five levels can be labeled as: 1) fundamental, 2) material, 3) device, 4) circuit, and 5) system. This article reviews recent enhancements of this hierarchy and identifies those critical limits that appear to present the most formidable challenges to continued progress toward GSI.
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J.D. Meindl (1996) studied this question.
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