Why Should Climate Smart Agriculture Be Promoted in the Indonesian Coffee Production System?

Coffee production has been substantial to the Indonesian economy. The increase in both domestic and global coffee consumption provides the opportunity for a rise in income of coffee farmers. However, the Indonesian coffee production system is facing many challenges, which include low productivity, high fluctuation in production, social, economic and environmental issues. These challenges are attributed to climate change and variability. To harness sustainable coffee production, these challenges should be overcome. In this review, the current status and challenges faced in Indonesian coffee production will be highlighted, while emphasising the impact of climate change and variability, and possible solutions to these challenges will be proposed, i.e. the implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in the Indonesian coffee production system. The majority of coffee producers in Indonesia are unable to reach optimal production because of very low fertilisation doses, traditional cultivation, which is compounded by the use of local clones characterised by low productivity, and the impact of climate variability. The major economic challenge was identified to be a lack of financial access to formal credit, while the major social challenge was low farmer capability. The complex and diverse challenges of coffee production require approaches that integrate environmental, economic, and social challenges. Implementing CSA in the coffee production system in Indonesia seems to be the most appropriate approach to address these challenges since it can synergise increasing productivity and farmers' income, implementing adaptation and mitigation of climate change and increase farmer capability and credit access.