Optimal Charging and Routing of Electric Vehicles With Power Constraints and Time-of-Use Energy Prices

In this article, a new mathematical formulation for the electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP) is proposed. This formulation extends the Green Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP) considering time-of-use energy (TOU) prices, and including a detailed model for the EVs' energy consumption. The main decisions for the considered EVRP are relevant to the choice among different types of charging modes at recharging stations, the speed of EVs, the loaded cargo and the battery charge. The model objective consists of minimizing the cost for the total travel distance and that for energy purchase, which depends on the selected recharging mode. A preprocessing algorithm used to reduce the problem dimension is presented. The experimental analysis performed on a large set of benchmark instances is reported.