Elevated Sera sST2 Is Associated With Heart Failure in Men ≤50 Years Old With Myocarditis

Background Myocarditis is an important cause of acute and chronic heart failure. Men with myocarditis have worse recovery and an increased need for transplantation compared with women, but the reason for the sex difference remains unclear. Elevated sera soluble (s) ST 2 predicts mortality from acute and chronic heart failure, but has not been studied in myocarditis patients. Methods and Results Adults with a diagnosis of clinically suspected myocarditis (n=303, 78% male) were identified according to the 2013 European Society of Cardiology position statement. Sera sST 2 levels were examined by ELISA in humans and mice and correlated with heart function according to sex and age. Sera sST 2 levels were higher in healthy men ( P =8×10 −6 ) and men with myocarditis ( P =0.004) compared with women. sST 2 levels were elevated in patients with myocarditis and New York Heart Association class III ‐ IV heart failure ( P =0.002), predominantly in men ( P =0.0003). Sera sST 2 levels were associated with New York Heart Association class in men with myocarditis who were ≤50 years old ( r =0.231, P =0.0006), but not in women ( r =0.172, P =0.57). Sera sST 2 levels were also significantly higher in male mice with myocarditis ( P =0.005) where levels were associated with cardiac inflammation. Gonadectomy with hormone replacement showed that testosterone ( P <0.001), but not estradiol ( P =0.32), increased sera sST 2 levels in male mice with myocarditis. Conclusions We show in a well‐characterized subset of heart failure patients with clinically suspected and biopsy‐confirmed myocarditis that elevated sera sST 2 is associated with an increased risk of heart failure based on New York Heart Association class in men ≤50 years old.