Mathematical modeling of active contraction of the human cardiac myocyte: A review

Fig, 1. The relationship between the load on a muscle and the velocity of contraction. Parameters used: a = 14.35 g, b = 1.03 cm/s, p0 = 65.23.

Fig. 2. The functions of attachment and detachment, f and g, as delineated in the Huxley model.

Fig. 3. Steady state distribution of n for different values of v in the Huxley model.

Fig. 4. Cross-bridge dynamics during active contraction.

Fig. 5. Diagram of CaTRPN for an arbitrary choice of parameters, when 0 < a <1.

Fig. 6. Diagram of CaTRPN for an arbitrary choice of parameters, when a >1.

Fig. 7. Isometric contraction with stretch ratio λ = 1.0, using prescribed intracellular calcium transients (a) Ca2+ plot, (b) active tension plot.

Fig. 8. Effects of the calcium parameter on the tension in the cardio myocytes for an isotonic experiment.

Fig. 9. Isometric contraction of the cardiac muscle at different stretch ratios: 0.90, 1.00, 1.10 and 1.20.

Fig. 10. The relationship between the level of Ca2+ and the tension formed in the cardiac muscles during active contraction at different sarcomere lengths.

Fig. 11. Effects of β0 on active tension development with stretch ratio 1.0, (a) β0 = 1.15; (b) β0 = 4.6. The prescribed calcium profiles are same for all simulations, as shown in Fig. 7(a–b).

Fig. 12. Effects of β1 on active tension development with a stretch ratio 1.0, (a) β1 = −1.2; (b) β1 = −4.8. The prescribed calcium profile is the same for all simulations, as shown in Fig. 7(a–b).