The use of more than one inotrope in acute heart failure is associated with increased mortality: A multi-centre observational study

BACKGROUND: Although weakly supported by scientific evidence, according to guidelines the use of inotropes in acute heart failure is indicated in the presence of hypoperfusion refractory to fluid resuscitation. AIMS: We examined the characteristics of the inotrope-treated patients, as well as, their in-hospital mortality. The frequency and dosing of inotropic infusions in patients admitted with acute heart failure was assessed in detail. METHODS: We included 620 consecutive patients with acute heart failure who were admitted to hospital during three months during spring 2004 in an observational multi-centre study. RESULTS: Of the patients 84 (14%) were treated with inotropes. Dopamine was used in 46 (7%), dobutamine 22 (4%), epinephrine 5 (1%), norepinephrine in 33 (5%), and levosimendan in 44 (7%) cases. The in-hospital mortality was 21% in the inotrope-treated group, and 5% in the control group. The mortality was 7% if only one inotrope was used. The mortality increased in proportion to the number of inotropes used. Lower blood pressure at admission, low ejection fraction, elevated C-reactive protein and cardiac markers correlated with the inotrope administration. CONCLUSION: Inotrope administration is a marker of increased mortality in patients with acute heart failure. Still, the use of a single inotrope during hospital stay seems rather safe.