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This review highlights sustainable waste management approaches and the development of value-added products through protein recovery and functional product enhancement from industrial wastewater. Techniques like filtration, precipitation, and ultrafiltration (UF) combined with forward osmosis (FO) achieve up to 98 % efficiency in recovering proteins from dairy wastewater. Other sources, including mung bean, tannery, soybean, silk degumming, dairy, and potato starch wastewater, report recovery exceeding 90 %. Recovered proteins are utilized to develop animal feed additives and nutrient-enriched functional foods, addressing global challenges of food security. Also, the review emphasizes the importance of stringent quality control to ensure the safety and efficacy of the products. Despite advancements, challenges such as high costs, energy inefficiency, and method integration persist. Future research should focus on innovative technologies and process optimization based on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) and other subfields should encompass to improve recovery yields and foster a sustainable circular economy.
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Thirugnanasambandham et al. (2025) studied this question.
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