Developing a Triple Landscape Network Model for Multi-Hazard Urban Resilience: Evidence from the Maltepe–Dragos Coastal Area, Istanbul

Coastal metropolitan areas increasingly face overlapping seismic, hydrological, and climate-related hazards, requiring spatial frameworks that integrate risk reduction with everyday urban performance. This study develops a Triple Landscape Network Model for the Maltepe–Dragos coastal area of Istanbul to translate multi-hazard vulnerability into actionable landscape planning strategies. Using a research-by-design and scenario-based spatial assessment approach, the study overlays ecological, hydrological, topographical, land-use, accessibility, and industrial-heritage layers to identify strategic transformation zones. The proposed model integrates three interconnected systems: an ecological network for coastal–stream–hill continuity, a circulation network for redundant evacuation and pedestrian mobility, and a recreational-cultural network for adaptive reuse and public life. Results identify a 390 m² critical flood-prone zone along Dragos Stream, central nodes located within 5 minutes of the coastline and 15 minutes of the rail system, and the potential conversion of 30–35% of impermeable industrial surfaces into absorptive landscapes. The model also positions post-disaster gathering spaces to serve approximately 60% of nearby residential fabric within 5–10 minutes. By combining nature-based solutions with adaptive reuse, the study demonstrates how resilient landscape infrastructure can reduce disaster costs, enhance urban attractiveness, stimulate local investment, and support sustainable urban economic vitality.