Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with a re-emerging GII.P16-GII.2 norovirus in the spring of 2017 in Jiangsu, China

Figures

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  Fig 1. Norovirus outbreaks in Jiangsu, China. (A) Laboratory confirmed number of monthly NoV outbreaks occurring in Jiangsu province, China from December 2016 through March 2017. (B) Distribution of norovirus genotypes detected in Jiangsu from December 2016 through March 2017.

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  Fig 2. Spatial distribution of NoV outbreaks in Jiangsu from December 2016 through March 2017. The outbreaks were shown by month and geographic locations. The number of the outbreaks was reflected with darkness of color. Blue dots indicate a NoV GII.P16-GII.2 outbreak.

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  Fig 3. Phylogenetic analyses of the NoV GII.P16-GII.2 sequences based on partial RdRp and full length capsid regions (VP1). (A) Phylogenetic tree of a 1061 bp region of RdRp. (B) Phylogenetic tree of a 1629bp region ofVP1. The trees were constructed using the Neighbor-Joining analysis and the evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameterþG method available in MEGA v7.0. Bootstrap values (>90%) are shown as percentages derived from 1,000 samplings at the nodes of the tree. The scale bars represent the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The norovirus strains reported in this study were marked with solid black triangles.

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  Fig 4. SimPlot analysis of the complete genomic sequence of GII.P16/GII.2 for recombination. SimPlot was constructed using a Simplot software version 3.5 with a slide window width of 200 bp and a step size of 20 bp. At each position of the window, the query sequence was compared to each of the reference strains (GII.16/AY772730 and GII.2/JX846925). The X-axis indicates the nucleotide positions in the multiple alignments of the NoV sequences; and the Y-axis indicates nucleotide identities (%) between the query sequence (JSCZ201703-19) and the NoV reference strains.

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  Fig 5. Amino acid differences between 29 NoV strains in the RdRp region. Green regions indicate the conserved residues organized into motifs involved in enzymatic activities. Dashes indicate lack sequence information. P16-16 represents GII.P16-GII.16 strain and P16-2 represents GII.P16-GII.2 strain.

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  Fig 6. Amino acid differences between 35NoV strains in the VP1 region. Blue regions indicate some conserved amino acid substitutions which align with residues of the predicted antibody binding regions in GII.4 (epitope A, D, E) and the predicted epitopes in GII.2. P2-2 represents GII.P2-GII.2 strain and P16-2 represents GII.P16-GII.2 strain.