Transthoracic Echocardiography of the Neonatal Laboratory Piglet

Figure 1. (A) Two-dimensional image of the left ventricular structures from PLAX (age: 70 h, weight: 1.45 kg). (B) M-Mode of the left ventricle obtained from PLAX (age: 70 h, weight: 1.45 kg). (C) Two-dimensional image of the left ventricular structures from PLAX after blood loss of approximately one third of blood volume (age: 12 h, weight: 1.40 kg). aAo, ascending aorta; AV, aortic valve; IVS, interventricular septum; LV, left ventricle; LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall; MV, mitral valve; PLAX, parasternal long axis; RV, right ventricle.

Figure 2. (A,B) Doppler study of flow across the aortic valve. The image was obtained from PLAX. Note the in favorable angle of insonation for measurement of pulsed wave Doppler (age: 70 h, weight: 1.45 kg). (C,D) Doppler study of flow across the pulmonary valve. The image was obtained from PSAX (age: 70 h, weight: 1.45 kg). aAo, ascending aorta; AV, aortic valve; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; MPA, main pulmonary artery; PV, pulmonary valve; PLAX, parasternal long axis; PSAX, parasternal short axis; RV, right ventricle; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract.

Figure 3. (A) Color Doppler image of left-to-right shunting across an arterial duct in a piglet from PSAX (age: 59 h, weight: 1.67 kg). (B) Pulsed wave Doppler signal of left-to-right shunting across an arterial duct from PSAX (age: 17 h, weight: 1.36 kg). LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; MPA, main pulmonary artery; PSAX, parasternal short axis.

Figure 4. Color Doppler image of low-grade regurgitation across the aortic valve from PLAX (age: 36 h, weight: 1.48 kg). PLAX, parasternal long axis.

Figure 5. (A,B) Color Doppler image of shunting across a ventricular septal defect. The image was obtained from PLAX. Note the bidirectional direction of shunt with red representing left-to-right shunt and blue representing right-to-left shunt (age: 36 h, weight: 1.48 kg). (C) 2D image of a ventricular septal defect from PSAX (age: 36 h, weight: 1.48 kg). (D) Anatomic view of a ventricular septal defect (age: 36 h, weight: 1.48 kg). CA, coronary arteries; LV, left ventricle; PLAX, parasternal long axis; PSAX, parasternal short axis; RV, right ventricle; VSD, ventricular septal defect.

Figure 6. Color Doppler image of coronary artery from PSAX (age: 32 h, weight: 1.36 kg). CA, coronary artery; PSAX, parasternal short axis.