Validity and Reliability of the Heart Rate Matching Task: A Novel Measure of Heart Rate Estimation

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Display for Heart Rate Matching task.

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  FIGURE 2. Heart Rate Matching data from exemplar participant. Each row is a trial of the HRM. Blue triangles denote reported heart rate, red circles denote estimated heart rate from electrocardiography recording, with the vertical lines and text denoting averages across all trials. Crosses represent the starting BPM of the visual heart on each trial. Bias is the difference between the red and blue vertical lines, Variance captures the amount the horizontal black lines differ across trials. BPM, Beats per minute.

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  FIGURE 3. Associations between Matching, Counting and Discrimination tasks. Absolute Bias and Variance are log values. BPM, beats‐per‐minute; HBC, Heartbeat Counting; HBD, Heartbeat Discrimination; HRM, Heart Rate Matching; IAcc, Interoceptive Accuracy. IAcc for HBD is the inter‐quartile range of the cumulative frequency distribution of ‘synchronous’ judgments. IAcc for HBC is the reported heartbeats compared to actual heartbeats, averaged across trials. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

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  FIGURE 4. Associations between Bias and IAcc. (A) Correlation between IAcc derived from Heartbeat Counting task and Heart Rate Matching Bias. (B) Correlation between IAcc derived from Heartbeat Discrimination and Heart Rate Matching Bias. (C and D) are the same correlations as (A and B) but with the absolute value of Bias.

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  FIGURE 5. Comparison of Heart Rate (HR) estimation methods. (A) Correlation between HR estimated across trials of the Heart Rate Matching task from remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) and HR estimated from electrocardiography (ECG). (B) Difference in HR estimated from rPPG and ECG methods.

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  FIGURE 6. Associations between Heart Rate Matching and Heartbeat Counting. Statistic is Spearman correlation coefficient, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. BPM, beats‐per‐minute; HBC, Heartbeat Counting; HRM, Heart Rate Matching.

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  FIGURE 7. Association between Interoceptive Accuracy, HRM and ARM. (A) Correlation between HRM Bias and IAcc. (B) Correlation between ARM Bias and IAcc. (C) Correlation between IAcc and HRM Absolute Bias. (D) Correlation between IAcc and ARM Absolute Bias. Statistic is Spearman Correlation co‐efficient. ARM, Audio Rate Matching; HRM, Heart Rate Matching; IAcc, Interoceptive Accuracy.

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  FIGURE 8. Associations between ARM and HRM variables. (A) Correlation between bias values. (C) Correlation between Absolute Bias values. (C) Correlation between Variance values. (D) Correlation between Confidence values. Statistic is Spearman Correlation co‐efficient. ARM, Audio Rate Matching; HRM, Heart Rate Matching.

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  FIGURE 9. Distributions and differences between HRM and ARM variables. Individual lines connect data from the same participant. Graphs compare ARM and HRM performance in terms of (A) Bias values, (B) Absolute Bias, (C) variance, (D) confidence. ARM, Audio Rate Matching; HRM, Heart Rate Matching.

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  FIGURE 10. Correlations between HRM variables assessed at two sessions. Statistics are Spearman correlation coefficients. HRM, Heart Rate Matching.

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  FIGURE 11. Correlation between Heart Rate Discrimination Threshold and Heart Rate Matching Bias. HRD, Heart Rate Discrimination; HRM, Heart Rate Matching.

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  FIGURE 12. Associations between Heart Rate Matching and Heart Rate Discrimination variables. (A) HRM values assessed at Session 1. (B) HRM values derived from Session 2. BPM, beats per minute; HRD, Heart Rate Discrimination; HRM, Heart Rate Matching. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.