Azilsartan improves doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via inhibiting oxidative stress, proinflammatory pathway, and apoptosis

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effect of azilsartan on serum TNF-α levels Rats were administered DMSO (vehicle), DOX (2.5 mg/kg), DOX (2.5 mg/kg) plus azilsartan (5 mg/kg), or were left untreated (control). Data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (***p<0.001).

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  Figure 2. Effect of azilsartan on serum IL-1β levels Rats were administered DMSO (vehicle), DOX (2.5 mg/kg), DOX (2.5 mg/kg) plus azilsartan (5 mg/kg), or were left untreated (control). Data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (***p<0.001).

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  Figure 3. Effect of azilsartan on MDA levels Rats were administered DMSO (vehicle), DOX (2.5 mg/kg), DOX (2.5 mg/kg) plus azilsartan (5 mg/kg), or were left untreated (control). Data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (***p<0.001).

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  Figure 4. Effect of azilsartan on TAC levels Rats were administered DMSO (vehicle), DOX (2.5 mg/kg), DOX (2.5 mg/kg) plus azilsartan (5 mg/kg), or were left untreated (control). Data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (**p<0.01).

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  Figure 5. Effect of azilsartan on caspase-3 levels Rats were administered DMSO (vehicle), DOX (2.5 mg/kg), DOX (2.5 mg/kg) plus azilsartan (5 mg/kg), or were left untreated (control). Data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (**p<0.01).

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  Figure 6. Effect of azilsartan on Bcl-2 levels Rats were administered DMSO (vehicle), DOX (2.5 mg/kg), DOX (2.5 mg/kg) plus azilsartan (5 mg/kg), or were left untreated (control). Data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (**p<0.01).

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  Figure 7. Histopathological assessment of cardiac tissues among the study groups. A: normal histology and no visible damage in the control group. B: DMSO-treated group H&E. C: severe histopathological injury in the myocardium of rats treated with DOX, characterized by disorganized myocardial fibrils, stromal edema, necrosis, pyknotic nuclei (red arrow), perinuclear halo (green arrow), and nuclear fading (blue arrow). D: myocardial tissue of rats treated with DOX and azilsartan showing near-normal histology with organized myocardial fibrils.