September 19, 2014New England Journal of Medicine629 citationsOpen Access
Follow-up of Blood-Pressure Lowering and Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes
View Full Paper
Key Points
- To assess the long-term effects of blood-pressure-lowering and glucose control interventions on mortality and macrovascular events in type 2 diabetes.
- Post-trial follow-up of 8494 participants from the ADVANCE trial over a median of 5.9 years.
Structured PICO
Does prior treatment with perindopril-indapamide or intensive glucose control reduce long-term mortality and macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes?
P
Population
8,494 surviving participants with type 2 diabetes who previously underwent randomization in the ADVANCE trial (originally n=11,140)
I
Intervention
Prior assignment to perindopril-indapamide and/or intensive glucose control (targeting a glycated hemoglobin level of less than 6.5%)
C
Comparator
Prior assignment to placebo and/or standard glucose control
O
Outcome
Death from any cause and major macrovascular eventshard clinical
Long-term follow-up of the ADVANCE trial demonstrates a sustained mortality benefit from prior blood-pressure-lowering therapy, but no legacy benefit from intensive glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) factorial trial, the combination of perindopril and indapamide reduced mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes, but intensive glucose control, targeting a glycated hemoglobin level of less than 6.5%, did not. We now report results of the 6-year post-trial follow-up. METHODS: We invited surviving participants, who had previously been assigned to perindopril-indapamide or placebo and to intensive or standard glucose control (with the glucose-control comparison extending for an additional 6 months), to participate in a post-trial follow-up evaluation. The primary end points were death from any cause and major macrovascular events. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics were similar among the 11,140 patients who originally underwent randomization and the 8494 patients who participated in the post-trial follow-up for a median of 5.9 years (blood-pressure-lowering comparison) or 5.4 years (glucose-control comparison). Between-group differences in blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin levels during the trial were no longer evident by the first post-trial visit. The reductions in the risk of death from any cause and of death from cardiovascular causes that had been observed in the group receiving active blood-pressure-lowering treatment during the trial were attenuated but significant at the end of the post-trial follow-up; the hazard ratios were 0.91 (95% confidence interval CI, 0.84 to 0.99; P=0.03) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.99; P=0.04), respectively. No differences were observed during follow-up in the risk of death from any cause or major macrovascular events between the intensive-glucose-control group and the standard-glucose-control group; the hazard ratios were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.92 to 1.08) and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.92 to 1.08), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits with respect to mortality that had been observed among patients originally assigned to blood-pressure-lowering therapy were attenuated but still evident at the end of follow-up. There was no evidence that intensive glucose control during the trial led to long-term benefits with respect to mortality or macrovascular events. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and others; ADVANCE-ON ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00949286.).