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This study examined informal investment in the 29 nations that participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study in 2001. Investment was tabulated by gender, age of investor and amount invested for the 29 nations combined. Prevalence of opportunity-pull entrepreneurship was correlated with informal investment, entrepreneurial capacity, and perception of start-up opportunities in a subset of 18 GEM nations. In contrast, necessity-push entrepreneurship had no significant correlation with those same variables.
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Bygrave et al. (2003) studied this question.
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