Reliability-Aware Image–Wireless Fusion for Through-Wood Termite Detection

Termite infestation poses a critical threat to ancient timber structures because hidden in-wood activity can cause progressive structural decay before visible surface symptoms appear. Through-wood termite detection remains challenging because termite-induced electromagnetic responses are weak, small-scale, and vulnerable to timber attenuation and multipath propagation. To address this problem, this study presents one of the first investigations to formulate through-wood termite detection as a multi-frequency wireless sensing and image–wireless fusion problem for non-destructive heritage timber inspection. We propose a Reliability-Aware Image–Wireless Fusion Network (RA-IWFNet), in which the image branch captures high-resolution surface-level visual cues while the dual-band wireless branch integrates complementary mmWave radar micro-motion responses and Wi-Fi Channel State Information (CSI) channel variations. A learnable temperature-scaled fusion gate estimates input-dependent image and wireless contributions and constructs a normalized fused representation for four-class recognition, including Termite, Lyctidae, Human, and None. Here, reliability is operationally defined as learned input-adaptive relative modality contribution rather than explicit uncertainty or signal-quality estimation. RA-IWFNet is evaluated under two complementary protocols: a field-motivated protocol with joint visual and wireless degradation and a synchronized verification protocol using physically co-acquired multimodal samples. Across repeated training runs, RA-IWFNet achieves 81.91±1.33% accuracy and 81.96±1.27% Macro-F1 under field-mixed visual degradation and moderate wireless degradation. On the synchronized verification subset, gated fusion achieves 91.53±2.44% accuracy and 91.62±2.44% Macro-F1, yielding higher mean performance than single-modality and non-adaptive fusion baselines. Feature-space, error-correction, and gate-temperature analyses further support the effectiveness of adaptive modality integration. These results provide controlled laboratory feasibility evidence and suggest that multi-frequency wireless sensing combined with adaptive image–wireless fusion offers a promising non-invasive pathway toward practical through-wood termite inspection in heritage timber structures.