From imagery to impact and beyond: four decades shaping the future of national meteorological and hydrological services

Marking the 40th anniversary of EUMETSAT, this article examines the evolution of satellite meteorology from the provision of visual imagery to becoming a foundational component of modern weather and climate services. Over the past four decades, sustained investment in space‑based observing systems has fundamentally strengthened the ability of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) to fulfil their core public mission of protecting life and property. The development of satellite systems was initially driven by critical gaps in global observations, particularly over oceans, polar regions and other data‑sparse areas. These investments have significantly enhanced the quality and continuity of atmospheric information available for operational use. Satellite observations now provide a major component of the data used in global numerical weather prediction, underpinning substantial improvements in forecast skill and early warning capability. This technical evolution has been accompanied by significant institutional change. NMHSs have progressively adapted their expertise and operations to integrate satellite data across forecasting, warning and downstream services. European cooperation, notably through EUMETSAT, has ensured continuity of satellite‑based observations, coordinated data access and sustained capacity building, enabling NMHSs of all sizes to derive societal value from increasingly sophisticated data and products. Satellite data now sit at the centre of operational meteorology and climate monitoring. As climate‑related risks intensify, the challenge is to translate advances in satellite capability into earlier, clearer and more useful information for decision makers and the public. Looking ahead, increasing data volumes, system complexity and the adoption of artificial intelligence will require strengthened governance and sustained international collaboration. Ensuring that these advances deliver public value will depend on the capacity of NMHSs to maintain operational robustness, transparency and trust while supporting more resilient and climate‑informed governments and societies.