The Strategic Role of Offshore Wind in the Brazilian Energy Transition: A Comprehensive Review of Socio-Environmental Dimensions and Systemic Capacity Value

Offshore wind energy is rapidly emerging as a pivotal technology for global decarbonization and energy security, particularly in emerging markets with vast maritime resources like Brazil. This article presents a comprehensive and integrative literature review that evaluates the socio-environmental impacts of offshore wind while simultaneously analyzing its strategic role in providing “Capacity Value” and systemic security to the Brazilian Power System. Unlike onshore wind, offshore resources in Brazil exhibit superior technical characteristics, with capacity factors reaching up to 67% and a strong countercyclical complementarity with hydrological regimes. These features allow offshore wind to reliably contribute to meeting peak demand and reducing power deficits, quantified through metrics such as Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) and Firm Energy Certificates. However, the expansion of the sector brings complex socio-environmental challenges, including impacts on marine biodiversity, disruptions to artisanal fisheries, and a high reliance on critical minerals. The analysis reveals that current licensing frameworks in Brazil, although evolving with the enactment of Law No. 15,097/2025, still face gaps in cumulative impact assessment and participatory governance. The article concludes by proposing a “dual-track” governance approach that integrates Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) with supply-adequacy requirements. By aligning technical optimization with biodiversity safeguards and social equity, Brazil can foster a sustainable offshore wind sector that acts as a reliable pillar for its long-term energy transition.