Socio-Environmental Impacts Associated with Onshore Wind Turbines in Brazil: A Systematic Literature Review (2020–2025)

Wind energy has gained prominence as a sustainable alternative for power generation. In Brazil, this type of renewable source gained greater visibility after the 2001 energy crisis, which accelerated the search for new energy sources. Currently, only onshore wind turbines are installed in Brazil, particularly in the Northeast, South, and Southeast regions. This study presents a systematic review that aims to understand the socio-environmental impacts associated with the deployment of onshore wind turbines in the Brazilian territory, analyzing studies published between 2020 and 2025 across the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The results indicate that current mitigation strategies could be further enhanced in view of the scale of the problems. It concludes that the sustainability of wind energy in Brazil depends on the urgent adoption of robust mechanisms for community participation, and zoning that excludes socially and ecologically sensitive areas. The study suggests that there may be a risk of reproducing in the transition toward ‘clean energy’ historical patterns of environmental and social injustice.