What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to explore how 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials function and respond to stimuli, enhancing their adaptive capabilities.

4D-printed mechanical metamaterials: responsive architectures for programmable and adaptive functions

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Review discusses 4D-printed metamaterials that adapt shape and function using responsive materials, highlighting applications and challenges.

The aim is to explore how 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials function and respond to stimuli, enhancing their adaptive capabilities.
Review of current literature on 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials and their responsive architectures.
Analysis of various material platforms, external stimuli, and additive manufacturing techniques.
Assessment of structural design principles including multistability and topological transformations.
Identified key applications in areas like programmable reconfiguration and energy absorption.
Outlined significant challenges such as slow actuation and fatigue resistance.
Highlighted the importance of standardized evaluation methods for reliability.

Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Review discusses 4D-printed metamaterials that adapt shape and function using responsive materials, highlighting applications and challenges.