Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Metabolic Disorders in Individuals at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases and is characterized by a prolonged asymptomatic period during which insulin resistance, disturbances of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, abdominal obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors gradually develop. This article discusses current approaches to the early diagnosis and prevention of metabolic disorders in individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Particular attention is paid to identifying hereditary predisposition, excess body weight, abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, insufficient physical activity, and un­healthy eating patterns. The diagnostic importance of fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance testing, body mass index, waist circumference, and lipid profile assessment is presented. The main preventive measures include a balanced diet, increased physical activity, reduction of excess body weight, normalization of sleep, avoidance of harmful habits, and regular clinical follow-up. Timely identification of early metabolic abnormalities and individualized correction of modifiable risk factors may improve tissue sensitivity to insulin, normalize carbohydrate metabolism, and reduce the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications.