Population
Elite American bi-athletes
Design
Cross-sectional
Follow-up
During competitions
Authors
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Rapid HR modulation in biathletes extends autonomic insights; leaves open clinical translation or training applications pending prospective data.
Elite bi-athletes demonstrate significant and rapid heart rate modulation during competition, particularly achieving lower minimum heart rates during prone shooting due to longer time at the firing line and more rapid heart rate decreases.
Hoffman et al. (1992) studied this question.
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