The Global Disease Burden of Hypertensive Heart Disease from 1990 to 2019: A Gender-Stratified Joinpoint Analysis

Figure 1. Trends in hypertensive heart disease (HHD) mortality from 1990 to 2019. This figure consists of four panels (A–D), each illustrating different aspects of the global mortality trends related to hypertensive heart disease (HHD) over the past three decades. (A) Annual rate of mortality change by continent (1990–2019): Panel A presents the annual rate of mortality change per 100,000 population across different continents from 1990 to 2019. (B) Annual rate of mortality change by Socio-Demographic Index (SDI): Panel B categorizes global regions based on their Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and illustrates the annual change in age-adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 population. (C) Gender-based hypertensive heart disease mortality trends by continent in 2019: Panel C compares the age-adjusted mortality rates of males and females across continents for the year 2019. (D) Global trends in crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (1990–2019): Panel D displays the crude mortality rate and age-adjusted mortality rate from 1990 to 2019.

Figure 2. Global mortality and prevalence trends in hypertensive heart disease (HHD) (1990–2019). This figure presents four panels (A–D), which illustrate the temporal trends in age-adjusted mortality rates, death rates, and prevalence of hypertensive heart disease (HHD), emphasizing gender differences. (A) Joinpoint Analysis of the age-adjusted mortality rate (1990–2019): Panel A displays a Joinpoint Regression Analysis identifying significant shifts in the age-adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 population over time. (B) Global death rate of hypertensive heart disease by gender (1990–2019): Panel B illustrates the global death rate per 100,000 population for males and females. (C) Multiple Joinpoint models for mortality rate by gender: Panel C further breaks down the age-adjusted mortality rate trends for males and females separately using Joinpoint Analysis. (D) Global prevalence rate of hypertensive heart disease (1990–2019): Panel D presents the prevalence of HHD per 100,000 population over time, stratified by gender.

Figure 3. Global burden of hypertensive heart disease (HHD) in terms of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) (1990–2019). This figure presents four panels (A–D), illustrating the prevalence, years of life lost (YLL), and years lived with disability (YLD) due to hypertensive heart disease (HHD) over the past three decades, with a focus on gender disparities. (A) Joinpoint Analysis of HHD prevalence (1990–2019): Panel A presents the Joinpoint Regression Analysis of HHD prevalence per 100,000 population, highlighting different periods of change in disease prevalence for males and females. (B) Global years of life lost (YLL) rate due to HHD (1990–2019): Panel B illustrates the YLL rate per 100,000 population due to premature mortality from HHD for both genders. (C) Joinpoint Analysis of total years of life lost (YLL) (1990–2019): Panel C presents Joinpoint regression models tracking shifts in total YLL rates for males and females. (D) Global rate of years lived with disability (YLD) due to HHD (1990–2019): Panel D illustrates the YLD rate per 100,000 population, reflecting the burden of non-fatal outcomes of HHD.

Figure 4. Global trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to hypertensive heart disease (HHD) (1990–2019). This figure presents two panels (A,B) analyzing the trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALY) per 100,000 population due to hypertensive heart disease (HHD) over time and by gender. (A) Joinpoint Analysis of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) (1990–2019): Panel A presents Joinpoint regression models examining the shifts in DALY rates per 100,000 population for males and females. (B) Global rate of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to HHD (1990–2019): Panel B illustrates the DALY rate per 100,000 population over time for males and females.