Genetic and Epigenetic Indicators Predicting Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

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Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has emerged as a highly promising approach for cancer treatment by targeting inhibitory pathways that suppress T cell cytotoxic activity. Recent landmark clinical trials have shown that immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can induce durable anti-tumor responses with manageable toxicity, leading to the approval of eight checkpoint inhibitors across 15 different cancer types. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients—up to approximately 85%—exhibit either