Prognostic Role of Pulmonary Function in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flowchart of the study population and analysis. LVEF indicates left ventricular ejection fraction; and PASP, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure.

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  Figure 2. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves for the 5‐year all‐cause mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, stratified by the presence of pulmonary hypertension. The red line indicates patients with PASP > 50 mmHg, whereas the blue line indicates patients with PASP ≤ 50 mmHg. PASP indicates pulmonary arterial systolic pressure.

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  Figure 3. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs per 1‐SD change of the pulmonary function indexes for the 5‐year all‐cause mortality. FEV1 indicates forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC, forced vital capacity; PASP, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; and TLC, total lung capacity. *P value derived from Cox regression analysis.

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  Figure 4. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves for 5‐year all‐cause mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction without pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary arterial systolic pressure [PASP] ≤50 mm Hg), stratified by total lung capacity (TLC) (A), forced vital capacity (FVC) (B), and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) (C). (A) The red line indicates patients with TLC ≤ 70% of predicted, and the blue line indicates patients with TLC > 70% of predicted; (B) red line indicates patients with FVC ≤ 65% of predicted, and the blue line indicates patients with FVC > 65% of predicted; (C) red line indicates patients with FEV1 ≤ 58% of predicted, and the blue line indicates patients with FEV1 > 58% of predicted.

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  Figure 5. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves for 5‐year all‐cause mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction without pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary arterial systolic pressure [PASP] ≤50 mm Hg) (A) and with pulmonary hypertension (PASP >50 mm Hg) (B), stratified by pulmonary function. For both A and B, the red line indicates patients with impaired pulmonary function, while the blue line indicates patients with preserved pulmonary function.

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  Figure 6. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves for 5‐year all‐cause mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction without (A) and with (B) pulmonary hypertension, stratified by functional status and pulmonary function. For both A and B, red lines indicate patients with impaired pulmonary function, while the blue lines indicate patients with preserved pulmonary function. NYHA indicates New York Heart Association.