Recent advances in paper (cellulose)-based energy storage devices: a review

The utilization of paper (cellulose) and other flexible substrates as components of energy storage devices (ESDs), such as batteries, is becoming increasingly popular. In recent years, the manufacturing of eco-friendly, noncorrosive, flexible, cost-effective, and efficient ESDs has faced significant challenges as rapid industrialization and a continually expanding population increase the demand for energy. Moreover, high expenses and hazardous waste production limit the functions of energy devices. To address these challenges, paper-based batteries have been researched for their exceptional performance, affordable manufacturing costs, multi-purpose, adaptability, mobility, and recyclability. An extensive review of the various methodologies adopted to improve paper-based batteries may help researchers pave new pathways in this direction. This study reviews current developments in ESD technologies based on paper cellulose. These devices include lithium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries, electrochemical batteries, and supercapacitors, among other forms of cellulose-integrated devices. The merits and demerits of extant research on this topic are also discussed. Future scientific and technological challenges are also presented.