Cardiovascular health benefits of aerobic exercise training in methamphetamine-dependent male individuals: A randomized controlled trial

Fig. 1. A flow chart illustrates the clinical study design, group assignment, protocol, and cardiovascular and exercise fitness end-points assessed.

Fig. 2. Effects of aerobic exercise intervention on ECG parameters in methamphetamine-dependent male individuals. Graph A: SV1+RV5 (mv); Graph B: P-R interval (ms); Graph C: QRS duration (ms); Graph D: Electrical axis (°); and Graph E: QTc interval (ms). The bar graphs indicate the mean values for each group along with the individual data points. ∗∗p ​< ​0.01 indicates significant differences between groups or test times. CTR, control group (n ​= ​41); EX, exercise group (n ​= ​40).

Fig. 3. Effects of aerobic exercise intervention on cardiac biomarkers in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Graph A: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI, ng/L); Graph B: Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB, ng/mL); and Graph C: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP, pg/mL). The solid line indicates the mean values in each treatment group/time-point. ∗p ​< ​0.05, ∗∗p ​< ​0.01 indicate significant differences between groups or test times. CTR, control group (n ​= ​41); EX, exercise group (n ​= ​40).

Fig. 4. Effects of aerobic exercise intervention on cardiovascular parameters and functional endurance in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Graph A: Systolic blood pressure (SBP, mmHg); Graph B: Diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg); Graph C: Heart rate (beats/min); and Graph D: 6-min walk test (6MWT, m). The violin plot depicts distributions of the data density curves, where the width of each curve corresponds with the approximate frequency of data points along with the solid line showing the median value for each group. ∗p ​< ​0.05, ∗∗p ​< ​0.01 indicate significant differences between groups or test times. CTR, control group (n ​= ​41); EX, exercise group (n ​= ​40).