Eating disinhibition and vagal tone moderate the postprandial response to glycemic load: a randomised controlled trial

Figures

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  Figure 1. The statistical model which tested the effects of disinhibited eating on the postprandial response to GL and subsequent hunger.

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  Figure 2. Top: The effect of consuming glucose, isomaltulose or water on postprandial blood glucose in high and low disinhibited eaters. Bottom: The effect of consuming glucose, isomaltulose or water on postprandial blood glucose in those with high and low HR entropy. Data are mean (se) for blood glucose levels during the postprandial period (N = 66). After thirty minutes disinhibited eaters had a greater increase in blood glucose levels if they had consumed glucose (B = 0.192, 95% CI 0.086, 0.297). In addition those high in disinhibited eating had an abrupt decline in blood glucose from thirty to one hundred and fifty minutes after consuming glucose (B = −0.240, 95% CI −0.348, −0.131). Disinhibition did not modulate the postprandial glycemic profile after either water or isomaltulose. Similarly, those with a lower HR entropy had a higher zenith after thirty minutes (B = −14.489, 95% CI LL −26.019, UL −2.959) if they consumed glucose – their blood glucose also fell more quickly (B = 6.180, 95% CI LL 0.842, UL 23.914).

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  Figure 3. Moderated indirect effects of glycemic load (GL) on hunger through changes in blood glucose depending on level of disinhibited eating during the late postprandial period. Data are B (95%CI) for +/− 1SD away from the mean for disinhibition. (N = 66). The analysis compared glucose to isomaltulose whilst controlling for water. Blood glucose mediated the effect of GL on hunger but only in low disinhibited eaters. Significant paths are highlighted in red.

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  Figure 4. The association between disinhibited eating and heart rate entropy. Data are resting heart rate entropy and disinhibition scores from the three factor eating questionnaire. N = 66. Those high in disinhibited eating had a lower SampEn (B = −6.308, p < 0.004).

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  Figure 5. The statistical mediation model which tested the effects of disinhibited eating on heart rate variability (HRV) and blood glucose levels.

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  Figure 6. The associations between disinhibited eating change in blood glucose and heart rate complexity. Data are resting heart rate entropy, disinhibition scores from the three factor eating questionnaire and change in blood glucose (after one hundred and fifty minutes minus after thirty minutes) (N = 21). Disinhibited eaters had a lower heart rate complexity (B = −5.80, 95% CI −9.80, −1.81) which in turn was related to a sharper decline in blood glucose levels (B = 6.228, 95% CI 2.431, 10.025).