Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Nucleoside Antivirals

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Classical mechanism of action of nucleoside analogues. NA—nucleoside analogue; NK—nucleoside kinase; NMK—nucleoside monophosphate kinase; NDK—nucleoside diphosphate kinase.

• 

  Figure 2. Obligate chain terminators. (a) Structures of FDA-approved obligate chain terminators. (b) Schematic representation of obligate chain termination.

• 

  Figure 3. “Click” reaction used to obtain azauracil derivative AZT conjugate.

• 

  Figure 4. Pseudo-obligate chain terminator. (a) Chemical structure of islatravir (EFdA). (b) Schematic representation of translocation inhibition.

• 

  Figure 5. Non-obligate chain terminators. (a) Chemical structures of sofosbuvir and bemnifosbuvir. (b) Schematic representation of impairing of NTP binding.

• 

  Figure 6. Polymerase backtracking. (a) Chemical structures of T-1106. (b) Schematic representation of polymerase backtracking.

• 

  Figure 7. T-1106:U base pairing: (a) canonical and (b) wobble.

• 

  Figure 8. Previously developed delayed chain terminators.

• 

  Figure 9. Remdesivir. (a) Chemical structures. (b) Schematic representation of delayed chain termination.

• 

  Figure 10. Polymerase inhibition by active metabolite of RDV incorporated in template strand.

• 

  Figure 11. NAs acting through lethal mutagenesis.

• 

  Figure 12. Ribavirin’s ambiguous base pairing.