Discordance of Small Dense LDL Cholesterol Beyond LDL Cholesterol or Non–HDL Cholesterol and Carotid Plaque

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Discordance Analyses of sdLDL-C and lbLDL-C According to Residual Differences The figure shows the associations between discordant small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C), large buoyant low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (lbLDL-C) relative to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and the risk of carotid plaque, based on residual differences, using logistic regression after adjusting for potential confounders. (A) Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. (B) Model 2 was further adjusted for body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, smoking status, drinking status, use of antidiabetic medication, antihypertensive medication, lipid-lowering medication, and physical activity. Discordant low sdLDL-C or lbLDL-C was defined as <25th percentile residual, concordant as 25th to 75th percentile residual, and discordant high sdLDL-C or lbLDL-C as >75th percentile residual. Orange error bars indicate statistically significant OR values, while green error bars indicate non-significant OR values.

• 

  Figure 2. Discordance Analyses of sdLDL-C and lbLDL-C According to Medians The figure shows the associations between discordant sdLDL-C, lbLDL-C relative to LDL-C, or non-HDL-C and the risk of carotid plaque, based on medians, using logistic regression after adjusting for potential confounders. (A) Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. (B) Model 2 was further adjusted for body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, smoking status, drinking status, use of antidiabetic medication, antihypertensive medication, lipid-lowering medication, and physical activity. Discordance was defined as sdLDL-C or lbLDL-C > median but the LDL-C or non-HDL-C ≤ its median, or vice versa. Red error bars indicate statistically significant OR values, while blue error bars indicate nonsignificant OR values. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

• 

  Figure 3. Discordance Analyses of sdLDL-C/LDL-C and sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C According to Residual Differences The figure shows the associations of discordant sdLDL-C/LDL-C and sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C ratios relative to LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or sdLDL-C with the risk of carotid plaque, based on residual differences, using logistic regression after adjusting for potential confounders. (A) Model 1 adjusted for age and sex. (B) Model 2 further adjusted for body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, smoking status, drinking status, use of antidiabetic medication, antihypertensive medication, lipid-lowering medication, and physical activity. Discordant low sdLDL-C/LDL-C or sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C ratio was defined as <25th percentile residual, concordant as 25th to 75th percentile residual, and discordant high sdLDL-C/LDL-C or sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C ratio as >75th percentile residual. Orange error bars indicate statistically significant OR values, while green error bars indicate nonsignificant OR values. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

• 

  Figure 4. Discordance Analyses of sdLDL-C/LDL-C and sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C According to Medians The figure shows the associations of discordant sdLDL-C/LDL-C and sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C ratios relative to LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or sdLDL-C with the risk of carotid plaque, based on medians, using logistic regression after adjusting for potential confounders. (A) Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. (B) Model 2 was further adjusted for body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, smoking status, drinking status, use of antidiabetic medication, antihypertensive medication, lipid-lowering medication, and physical activity. Discordance was defined as sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio or sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C ratio > median but the LDL-C, non-HDL-C ,or sdLDL-C ≤ its median, or vice versa. Red error bars indicate statistically significant OR values, while blue error bars indicate nonsignificant OR values. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

• 

  Central Illustration. Discordance Analyses of sdLDL-C, lbLDL-C, sdLDL-C/LDL-C Ratio, and sdLDL-C/lbLDL-C Ratio Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was further adjusted for body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, smoking status, drinking status, use of antidiabetic medication, antihypertensive medication, lipid-lowering medication, and physical activity. Discordant low was defined as <25th percentile residual, concordant as 25th to 75th percentile residual, and discordant high as >75th percentile residual. Orange error bars indicate statistically significant OR values, while green error bars indicate non-significant OR values. HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; lbLDL-C = large buoyant low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; sdLDL-C = small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.