Advancements in extraction and encapsulation of immunomodulatory mushroom biomolecules for enhanced food applications

Consumers increasingly prefer natural agents that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Among naturally available bioresources, mushrooms are globally recognized as a "nutritional powerhouse" due to their significant therapeutic and nutraceutical properties. This review comprehensively explores relevant strategies for extracting bioactive compounds, including mushroom-derived polysaccharides, proteins, and peptides, detailing their well-established immunomodulatory roles pertinent to emerging health challenges. It also examines the development of mushroom bioactive-based immunity-enhancing functional foods. Furthermore, advancements in targeted delivery systems, particularly encapsulation techniques, are featured, ensuring compound stability during storage and enhancing bioavailability. The integration of mushroom bioactives into functional foods requires compliance with stringent safety and regulatory frameworks; consequently, the regulatory landscape governing mushroom-based functional products is also addressed.