Title: Serious COVID-19 may have a causal relationship with myocardial injury: A Mendelian randomization study

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Study design of the Mendelian randomization study. Assumption 1 is that the genetic instrumental variables are associated with exposure to COVID-19 and assumption 2 is that the genetic instrumental variables are not associated with the outcome via a confounding pathway. Assumption 3 is that the genetic instrumental variables do not affect the outcome directly, only possibly indirectly via the exposure. Assumption 1 is tested by statistical methods, such as p-value <5 × 10−8, F statistic >10, inter-SNP linkage disequilibrium r2 > 0.001, and clump distance = 10,000 kb. Assumption 2 is tested by using PhenoScanner. Assumption 3 is tested by genetic instrumental variables p > 5 × 10−8.

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  FIGURE 2. Forest plot of Mendelian randomization analysis between COVID-19 susceptibility and cardiac injury risk.

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  FIGURE 3. Forest plot of Mendelian randomization analysis between COVID-19 severity (hospitalization) and cardiac injury risk.

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  FIGURE 4. Forest plot of Mendelian randomization analysis between COVID-19 severity (severe respiratory symptoms) and cardiac injury risk.

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  FIGURE 5. Scatter graphs for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) concerning COVID-19 and cardiac injury. (A) Scatter graph for SNPs concerning COVID-19 vulnearability and cardiac injury risk; (B) Scatter graph for SNPs concerning COVID-19 severity (hospitalization) and cardiac injury risk, and (C) Scatter plot of SNPs concerning the severity of COVID-19 (severe respiratory symptoms) and risk of cardiac injury.

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  FIGURE 6. Leave-one-out outcome for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) concerning COVID-19 and cardiac injury. (A) Leave-one-out outcome for SNPs concerning COVID-19 vulnerability and cardiac injury risk; (B) Leave-one-out outcome for SNPs concerning COVID-19 severity (hospitalization) and cardiac injury risk; and (C) Leave-one-out outcome for SNPs concerning the severity of COVID-19 (severe respiratory symptoms) and cardiac injury risk.