Influence of the Institutional Framework on the Processors’ Practices for Propolis Tincture Production in Uganda

Propolis tincture, a growing medicinal bee product in Uganda, has attracted investors, but stakeholder practices and adherence to institutions remain unclear. A qualitative study consisting of focus group discussions with 22 purposively selected propolis tincture processors (PTPs) from Kampala, Lira, and Arua cities and key informant interviews with seven staff from government agencies responsible for apiculture regulation and support was conducted. The study found that processors rely on norms, beliefs, and a national beekeepers training and extension manual, with little formal guidance. There is information asymmetry and poor coordination among agencies. Findings further revealed that PTPs believe that adherence is possible with guaranteed access to bigger markets, blocking entry of substandard goods on the market and simplification of certification processes. The study recommends developing formal specifications to complement informal norms.