Investigation on Synthesis and Characterization of Dielectric/Ferroelectric Crystalline Materials

A novel Synthesis–Characterization–Performance Dielectric/Ferroelectric (SCP-DF) framework is proposed to fabricate phase-pure, nano-sized Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) via a hybrid Sol–Gel–Hydrothermal (SolHyd) route. This approach combines sol–gel homogeneity with hydrothermal morphology control, followed by calcination, sintering, and annealing to enhance crystallinity and refine microstructure. XRD and SEM confirm perovskite formation and optimized grains, while dielectric and P–E measurements demonstrate high permittivity, stable frequency response, and strong ferroelectric ordering. To overcome the drawbacks of traditional synthesis techniques and create phase-pure, nanoscale BaTiO3 and PZT with outstanding dielectric and ferroelectric properties, a unique hybrid Sol–Gel–Hydrothermal SCP-DF framework is suggested. Strong promise for improved electronics and energy-storage applications was demonstrated by the discovered materials’ high permittivity (up to 4100), low dielectric loss (<0.02), decreased coercive field (1.5–1.8 kV/mm), and increased energy density (0.61 J/cm³). The SolHyd-SCP-DF method outperforms conventional syntheses, providing a scalable route for high-performance dielectric and ferroelectric materials. With crystallite sizes of 35–50 nm, the suggested SolHyd–SCP-DF technique achieves phase purity >99%, high dielectric permittivity (∼2900 for BaTiO3 and ∼4100 for PZT), and low dielectric loss (∼0.018 and ∼0.015, respectively). With saturation polarization of ∼18 µC/cm2 (BaTiO3) and ∼32 µC/cm2 (PZT), remanent polarization of ∼9 and ∼16 µC/cm2, decreased coercive fields (∼1.8 and ∼1.5 kV/mm), and an increase in energy density from 0.45 to 0.61 J/cm³, the materials demonstrate strong ferroelectric performance.