What question did this study set out to answer?

To evaluate the performance and optimize operating parameters of CO2 water-alternating-gas (WAG) enhanced oil recovery in a mature, waterflooded, low-permeability reservoir.

August 15, 2026ProcessesOpen Access

Field-Scale Simulation of CO2 Water-Alternating-Gas Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Mature Waterflooded, Low-Permeability, and Highly Heterogeneous Reservoir

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Authors

YLYong LiuDaqing Oilfield General Hospital XWXin WangDaqing Oilfield General Hospital MDMingyang DongDaqing Oilfield General Hospital

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Implication

Simulation study demonstrates enhanced oil recovery using CO2 water-alternating-gas in a mature low-permeability reservoir, highlighting optimal operational parameters for field development.

Key Points

To evaluate the performance and optimize operating parameters of CO2 water-alternating-gas (WAG) enhanced oil recovery in a mature, waterflooded, low-permeability reservoir.
Built a field-scale compositional simulation model constrained by geological data, relative-permeability tests, tuned PVT behavior, and slim-tube tests with an estimated minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of 19.8 MPa.
History-matched 187 months of field production data (initial oil recovery of 23.6%, water cut of 61.34%, reservoir pressure of ~6.9 MPa).
Conducted 30-year forecast simulations and sensitivity analyses on pressure-restoration level, pre-injection fluid, well patterns, slug size, and gas/water ratios.
Continued water flooding resulted in a final recovery rate of 28.4% and an elevated water cut of 92.8%.
The optimal immiscible CO2-WAG strategy (CO2 pre-injection to 11 MPa, staggered line-drive pattern, 0.025 PV slug size, and 1:1 gas/water ratio) achieved a final oil recovery of 57.24%, an absolute increase of 28.84 percentage points over water flooding.

Cite This Study

Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8019bb75c2e31742c85cba https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14162585

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Implication

Simulation study demonstrates enhanced oil recovery using CO2 water-alternating-gas in a mature low-permeability reservoir, highlighting optimal operational parameters for field development.

Field-Scale Simulation of CO2 Water-Alternating-Gas Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Mature Waterflooded, Low-Permeability, and Highly Heterogeneous Reservoir

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Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

Field-Scale Simulation of CO2 Water-Alternating-Gas Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Mature Waterflooded, Low-Permeability, and Highly Heterogeneous Reservoir

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Key Points

Cite This Study

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