On the Essence of Circuit Transmission

For more than one hundred years, classical electricity has adopted the model of “energy transfer through electron collision and kineticenergy transmission” to explain circuit energy transmission, terminal luminescence, heat generation and mechanical work. This theoretical framework contains a longneglected fundamental logical defect: kinetic energy is merely a physical quantity describing the state of object motion rather than an independent substantial energy entity, and it lacks the physical basis for direct conversion into photons. If circuits transmit electron kinetic energy, radiation of photons at terminals would mean converting a motionstate descriptor into substantial photons, which is an unfeasible conversion path. Even if such conversion is hypothetically permitted, resources available for conversion inside terminals would continuously dissipate with persistent photon emission and soon become exhausted. Nevertheless, lamps and electric motors can operate continuously for long periods in reality without spontaneous energy depletion, which directly disproves the kineticenergytransmission model. Based on the Theory of Light Origin, this paper reconstructs the micromechanism of circuit conduction. The transmitted entity in circuits consists of discrete, volumefree photon energy packets propagating at the speed of light. Electrons inside conductors keep highspeed spin at fixed positions and only act as relay media for transferring energy packets without longrange displacement or kineticenergy transfer via collision. Metals such as copper and aluminium possess weaklybound, highlyactive electrons that facilitate smooth transfer of energy packets, whereas electrons in insulators are tightlybound and cannot participate in relay transmission. All electrical terminals are pure energy converters without intrinsic energy storage. Upon continuous arrival of homogeneous photon energy packets, different energy forms including visible light, infrared heat and mechanical kinetic energy are generated according to microstructural differences of terminal carriers. Organic materials suffer molecular cleavage and carbonization when their lattice structures cannot withstand highenergy conversion. Terminal failure never arises from interrupted energy supply, but from lattice fatigue, aging, fusing and wear of solid carriers under longterm highenergy conversion impact. Replacing damaged carriers restores energy conversion. This paper clarifies the physical nature of kinetic energy, resolves the logical paradox of kineticphoton conversion, and achieves selfconsistent unification of theories on electrical conduction, photon radiation and energy transformation.